package math

import "math"

math包提供了基本的数学常数和数学函数。

Index

Constants

const (
    E   = 2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369995957496696763 // A001113
    Pi  = 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582097494459 // A000796
    Phi = 1.61803398874989484820458683436563811772030917980576286213544862 // A001622
    Sqrt2   = 1.41421356237309504880168872420969807856967187537694807317667974 // A002193
    SqrtE   = 1.64872127070012814684865078781416357165377610071014801157507931 // A019774
    SqrtPi  = 1.77245385090551602729816748334114518279754945612238712821380779 // A002161
    SqrtPhi = 1.27201964951406896425242246173749149171560804184009624861664038 // A139339
    Ln2    = 0.693147180559945309417232121458176568075500134360255254120680009 // A002162
    Log2E  = 1 / Ln2
    Ln10   = 2.30258509299404568401799145468436420760110148862877297603332790 // A002392
    Log10E = 1 / Ln10
)

数学常数,参见:http://oeis.org/Axxxxxx

const (
    MaxFloat32             = 3.40282346638528859811704183484516925440e+38  // 2**127 * (2**24 - 1) / 2**23
    SmallestNonzeroFloat32 = 1.401298464324817070923729583289916131280e-45 // 1 / 2**(127 - 1 + 23)
    MaxFloat64             = 1.797693134862315708145274237317043567981e+308 // 2**1023 * (2**53 - 1) / 2**52
    SmallestNonzeroFloat64 = 4.940656458412465441765687928682213723651e-324 // 1 / 2**(1023 - 1 + 52)
)

浮点数的取值极限。Max是该类型所能表示的最大有限值;SmallestNonzero是该类型所能表示的最小非零正数值。

const (
    MaxInt8   = 1<<7 - 1
    MinInt8   = -1 << 7
    MaxInt16  = 1<<15 - 1
    MinInt16  = -1 << 15
    MaxInt32  = 1<<31 - 1
    MinInt32  = -1 << 31
    MaxInt64  = 1<<63 - 1
    MinInt64  = -1 << 63
    MaxUint8  = 1<<8 - 1
    MaxUint16 = 1<<16 - 1
    MaxUint32 = 1<<32 - 1
    MaxUint64 = 1<<64 - 1
)

整数的取值极限。

func NaN

func NaN() float64

函数返回一个IEEE 754“这不是一个数字”值。

func IsNaN

func IsNaN(f float64) (is bool)

报告f是否表示一个NaN(Not A Number)值。

func Inf

func Inf(sign int) float64

如果sign>=0函数返回正无穷大,否则返回负无穷大。

func IsInf

func IsInf(f float64, sign int) bool

如果sign > 0,f是正无穷大时返回真;如果sign<0,f是负无穷大时返回真;sign==0则f是两种无穷大时都返回真。

func Float32bits

func Float32bits(f float32) uint32

函数返回浮点数f的IEEE 754格式二进制表示对应的4字节无符号整数。

func Float32frombits

func Float32frombits(b uint32) float32

函数返回无符号整数b对应的IEEE 754格式二进制表示的4字节浮点数。

func Float64bits

func Float64bits(f float64) uint64

函数返回浮点数f的IEEE 754格式二进制表示对应的8字节无符号整数。

func Float64frombits

func Float64frombits(b uint64) float64

函数返回无符号整数b对应的IEEE 754格式二进制表示的8字节浮点数。

func Signbit

func Signbit(x float64) bool

如果x是一个负数或者负零,返回真。

func Copysign

func Copysign(x, y float64) float64

返回拥有x的量值(绝对值)和y的标志位(正负号)的浮点数。

func Ceil

func Ceil(x float64) float64

返回不小于x的最小整数(的浮点值),特例如下:

Ceil(±0) = ±0
Ceil(±Inf) = ±Inf
Ceil(NaN) = NaN

func Floor

func Floor(x float64) float64

返回不大于x的最小整数(的浮点值),特例如下:

Floor(±0) = ±0
Floor(±Inf) = ±Inf
Floor(NaN) = NaN

func Trunc

func Trunc(x float64) float64

返回x的整数部分(的浮点值)。特例如下:

Trunc(±0) = ±0
Trunc(±Inf) = ±Inf
Trunc(NaN) = NaN

func Modf

func Modf(f float64) (int float64, frac float64)

返回f的整数部分和小数部分,结果的正负号和都x相同;特例如下:

Modf(±Inf) = ±Inf, NaN
Modf(NaN) = NaN, NaN

func Nextafter

func Nextafter(x, y float64) (r float64)

参数x到参数y的方向上,下一个可表示的数值;如果x==y将返回x。特例如下:

Nextafter(NaN, y) = NaN
Nextafter(x, NaN) = NaN

func Abs

func Abs(x float64) float64

返回x的绝对值;特例如下:

Abs(±Inf) = +Inf
Abs(NaN) = NaN

func Max

func Max(x, y float64) float64

返回x和y中最大值,特例如下:

Max(x, +Inf) = Max(+Inf, x) = +Inf
Max(x, NaN) = Max(NaN, x) = NaN
Max(+0, ±0) = Max(±0, +0) = +0
Max(-0, -0) = -0

func Min

func Min(x, y float64) float64

返回x和y中最小值,特例如下:

Min(x, -Inf) = Min(-Inf, x) = -Inf
Min(x, NaN) = Min(NaN, x) = NaN
Min(-0, ±0) = Min(±0, -0) = -0

func Dim

func Dim(x, y float64) float64

函数返回x-y和0中的最大值,特殊情况:

Dim(+Inf, +Inf) = NaN
Dim(-Inf, -Inf) = NaN
Dim(x, NaN) = Dim(NaN, x) = NaN

func Mod

func Mod(x, y float64) float64

取余运算,可以理解为 x-Trunc(x/y)*y,结果的正负号和x相同;特例如下:

Mod(±Inf, y) = NaN
Mod(NaN, y) = NaN
Mod(x, 0) = NaN
Mod(x, ±Inf) = x
Mod(x, NaN) = NaN

func Remainder

func Remainder(x, y float64) float64

IEEE 754差数求值,即x减去最接近x/y的整数值(如果有两个整数与x/y距离相同,则取其中的偶数)与y的乘积。特例如下:

Remainder(±Inf, y) = NaN
Remainder(NaN, y) = NaN
Remainder(x, 0) = NaN
Remainder(x, ±Inf) = x
Remainder(x, NaN) = NaN

func Sqrt

func Sqrt(x float64) float64

返回x的二次方根,特例如下:

Sqrt(+Inf) = +Inf
Sqrt(±0) = ±0
Sqrt(x < 0) = NaN
Sqrt(NaN) = NaN

func Cbrt

func Cbrt(x float64) float64

返回x的三次方根,特例如下:

Cbrt(±0) = ±0
Cbrt(±Inf) = ±Inf
Cbrt(NaN) = NaN

func Hypot

func Hypot(p, q float64) float64

返回Sqrt(p*p + q*q),注意要避免不必要的溢出或下溢。特例如下:

Hypot(±Inf, q) = +Inf
Hypot(p, ±Inf) = +Inf
Hypot(NaN, q) = NaN
Hypot(p, NaN) = NaN

func Sin

func Sin(x float64) float64

求正弦。特例如下:

Sin(±0) = ±0
Sin(±Inf) = NaN
Sin(NaN) = NaN

func Cos

func Cos(x float64) float64

求余弦。特例如下:

Cos(±Inf) = NaN
Cos(NaN) = NaN

func Tan

func Tan(x float64) float64

求正切。特例如下:

Tan(±0) = ±0
Tan(±Inf) = NaN
Tan(NaN) = NaN

func Sincos

func Sincos(x float64) (sin, cos float64)

函数返回Sin(x), Cos(x)。特例如下:

Sincos(±0) = ±0, 1
Sincos(±Inf) = NaN, NaN
Sincos(NaN) = NaN, NaN

func Asin

func Asin(x float64) float64

求反正弦(x是弧度)。特例如下:

Asin(±0) = ±0
Asin(x) = NaN if x < -1 or x > 1

func Acos

func Acos(x float64) float64

求反余弦(x是弧度)。特例如下:

Acos(x) = NaN if x < -1 or x > 1

func Atan

func Atan(x float64) float64

求反正切(x是弧度)。特例如下:

Atan(±0) = ±0
Atan(±Inf) = ±Pi/2

func Atan2

func Atan2(y, x float64) float64

类似Atan(y/x),但会根据x,y的正负号确定象限。特例如下(前面的优先):

Atan2(y, NaN) = NaN
Atan2(NaN, x) = NaN
Atan2(+0, x>=0) = +0
Atan2(-0, x>=0) = -0
Atan2(+0, x<=-0) = +Pi
Atan2(-0, x<=-0) = -Pi
Atan2(y>0, 0) = +Pi/2
Atan2(y<0, 0) = -Pi/2
Atan2(+Inf, +Inf) = +Pi/4
Atan2(-Inf, +Inf) = -Pi/4
Atan2(+Inf, -Inf) = 3Pi/4
Atan2(-Inf, -Inf) = -3Pi/4
Atan2(y, +Inf) = 0
Atan2(y>0, -Inf) = +Pi
Atan2(y<0, -Inf) = -Pi
Atan2(+Inf, x) = +Pi/2
Atan2(-Inf, x) = -Pi/2

func Sinh

func Sinh(x float64) float64

求双曲正弦,特例如下:

Sinh(±0) = ±0
Sinh(±Inf) = ±Inf
Sinh(NaN) = NaN

func Cosh

func Cosh(x float64) float64

求双曲余弦,特例如下:

Cosh(±0) = 1
Cosh(±Inf) = +Inf
Cosh(NaN) = NaN

func Tanh

func Tanh(x float64) float64

求双曲正切,特例如下:

Tanh(±0) = ±0
Tanh(±Inf) = ±1
Tanh(NaN) = NaN

func Asinh

func Asinh(x float64) float64

求反双曲正弦,特例如下:

Asinh(±0) = ±0
Asinh(±Inf) = ±Inf
Asinh(NaN) = NaN

func Acosh

func Acosh(x float64) float64

求反双曲余弦,特例如下:

Acosh(+Inf) = +Inf
Acosh(x) = NaN if x < 1
Acosh(NaN) = NaN

func Atanh

func Atanh(x float64) float64

求反双曲正切,特例如下:

Atanh(1) = +Inf
Atanh(±0) = ±0
Atanh(-1) = -Inf
Atanh(x) = NaN if x < -1 or x > 1
Atanh(NaN) = NaN

func Log

func Log(x float64) float64

求自然对数,特例如下:

Log(+Inf) = +Inf
Log(0) = -Inf
Log(x < 0) = NaN
Log(NaN) = NaN

func Log1p

func Log1p(x float64) float64

等价于Log(1+x)。但是在x接近0时,本函数更加精确;特例如下:

Log1p(+Inf) = +Inf
Log1p(±0) = ±0
Log1p(-1) = -Inf
Log1p(x < -1) = NaN
Log1p(NaN) = NaN

func Log2

func Log2(x float64) float64

求2为底的对数;特例和Log相同。

func Log10

func Log10(x float64) float64

求10为底的对数;特例和Log相同。

func Logb

func Logb(x float64) float64

返回x的二进制指数值,可以理解为Trunc(Log2(x));特例如下:

Logb(±Inf) = +Inf
Logb(0) = -Inf
Logb(NaN) = NaN

func Ilogb

func Ilogb(x float64) int

类似Logb,但返回值是整型;特例如下:

Ilogb(±Inf) = MaxInt32
Ilogb(0) = MinInt32
Ilogb(NaN) = MaxInt32

func Frexp

func Frexp(f float64) (frac float64, exp int)

返回一个标准化小数frac和2的整型指数exp,满足f == frac * 2**exp,且0.5 <= Abs(frac) < 1;特例如下:

Frexp(±0) = ±0, 0
Frexp(±Inf) = ±Inf, 0
Frexp(NaN) = NaN, 0

func Ldexp

func Ldexp(frac float64, exp int) float64

Frexp的反函数,返回 frac * 2**exp。特例如下:

Ldexp(±0, exp) = ±0
Ldexp(±Inf, exp) = ±Inf
Ldexp(NaN, exp) = NaN

func Exp

func Exp(x float64) float64

返回E**x;x绝对值很大时可能会溢出为0或者+Inf,x绝对值很小时可能会下溢为1。特例如下:

Exp(+Inf) = +Inf
Exp(NaN) = NaN

func Expm1

func Expm1(x float64) float64

等价于Exp(x)-1,但是在x接近零时更精确;x绝对值很大时可能会溢出为-1或+Inf。特例如下:

Expm1(+Inf) = +Inf
Expm1(-Inf) = -1
Expm1(NaN) = NaN

func Exp2

func Exp2(x float64) float64

返回2**x;特例和Exp相同。

func Pow

func Pow(x, y float64) float64

返回x**y;特例如下(前面的优先):

Pow(x, ±0) = 1 for any x
Pow(1, y) = 1 for any y
Pow(x, 1) = x for any x
Pow(NaN, y) = NaN
Pow(x, NaN) = NaN
Pow(±0, y) = ±Inf for y an odd integer < 0
Pow(±0, -Inf) = +Inf
Pow(±0, +Inf) = +0
Pow(±0, y) = +Inf for finite y < 0 and not an odd integer
Pow(±0, y) = ±0 for y an odd integer > 0
Pow(±0, y) = +0 for finite y > 0 and not an odd integer
Pow(-1, ±Inf) = 1
Pow(x, +Inf) = +Inf for |x| > 1
Pow(x, -Inf) = +0 for |x| > 1
Pow(x, +Inf) = +0 for |x| < 1
Pow(x, -Inf) = +Inf for |x| < 1
Pow(+Inf, y) = +Inf for y > 0
Pow(+Inf, y) = +0 for y < 0
Pow(-Inf, y) = Pow(-0, -y)
Pow(x, y) = NaN for finite x < 0 and finite non-integer y

func Pow10

func Pow10(e int) float64

返回10**e;特例如下:

Pow10(e) = +Inf for e > 309
Pow10(e) = 0 for e < -324

func Gamma

func Gamma(x float64) float64

伽玛函数(当x为正整数时,值为(x-1)!)。特例如下:

Gamma(+Inf) = +Inf
Gamma(+0) = +Inf
Gamma(-0) = -Inf
Gamma(x) = NaN for integer x < 0
Gamma(-Inf) = NaN
Gamma(NaN) = NaN

func Lgamma

func Lgamma(x float64) (lgamma float64, sign int)

返回Gamma(x)的自然对数和正负号。特例如下:

Lgamma(+Inf) = +Inf
Lgamma(0) = +Inf
Lgamma(-integer) = +Inf
Lgamma(-Inf) = -Inf
Lgamma(NaN) = NaN

func Erf

func Erf(x float64) float64

误差函数,特例如下:

Erf(+Inf) = 1
Erf(-Inf) = -1
Erf(NaN) = NaN

func Erfc

func Erfc(x float64) float64

余补误差函数,特例如下:

Erfc(+Inf) = 0
Erfc(-Inf) = 2
Erfc(NaN) = NaN

func J0

func J0(x float64) float64

第一类贝塞尔函数,0阶。特例如下:

J0(±Inf) = 0
J0(0) = 1
J0(NaN) = NaN

func J1

func J1(x float64) float64

第一类贝塞尔函数,1阶。特例如下:

J1(±Inf) = 0
J1(NaN) = NaN

func Jn

func Jn(n int, x float64) float64

第一类贝塞尔函数,n阶。特例如下:

Jn(n, ±Inf) = 0
Jn(n, NaN) = NaN

func Y0

func Y0(x float64) float64

第二类贝塞尔函数,0阶。特例如下:

Y0(+Inf) = 0
Y0(0) = -Inf
Y0(x < 0) = NaN
Y0(NaN) = NaN

func Y1

func Y1(x float64) float64

第二类贝塞尔函数,1阶。特例如下:

Y1(+Inf) = 0
Y1(0) = -Inf
Y1(x < 0) = NaN
Y1(NaN) = NaN

func Yn

func Yn(n int, x float64) float64

第二类贝塞尔函数,n阶。特例如下:

Yn(n, +Inf) = 0
Yn(n > 0, 0) = -Inf
Yn(n < 0, 0) = +Inf if n is odd, -Inf if n is even
Y1(n, x < 0) = NaN
Y1(n, NaN) = NaN