二十、数据可视化

作者：Chris Albon

译者：飞龙

协议：CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

MatPlotLib 中的双向条形图

%matplotlib inline
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# 创建数据帧
raw_data = {'first_name': ['Jason', 'Molly', 'Tina', 'Jake', 'Amy'],
        'pre_score': [4, 24, 31, 2, 3],
        'mid_score': [25, 94, 57, 62, 70],
        'post_score': [5, 43, 23, 23, 51]}
df = pd.DataFrame(raw_data, columns = ['first_name', 'pre_score', 'mid_score', 'post_score'])
df
first_name pre_score mid_score post_score
0 Jason 4 25 5
1 Molly 24 94 43
2 Tina 31 57 23
3 Jake 2 62 23
4 Amy 3 70 51 
# 输入数据，特别是第二和
# 第三行，跳过第一列
x1 = df.ix[1, 1:]
x2 = df.ix[2, 1:]

# 创建条形标签
bar_labels = ['Pre Score', 'Mid Score', 'Post Score']

# 创建图形
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,6))

# 设置 y 的位置
y_pos = np.arange(len(x1))
y_pos = [x for x in y_pos]
plt.yticks(y_pos, bar_labels, fontsize=10)

# 在 y_pos 的位置上创建水平条形
plt.barh(y_pos, 
         # 使用数据 x1
         x1, 
         # 中心对齐
         align='center', 
         # 透明度为 0.4
         alpha=0.4, 
         # 颜色为绿色
         color='#263F13')

# 在 y_pos 的位置上创建水平条形
plt.barh(y_pos, 
         # 使用数据 -x2
         -x2,
         # 中心对齐
         align='center', 
         # 透明度为 0.4
         alpha=0.4, 
         # 颜色为绿色
         color='#77A61D')

# 注解和标签
plt.xlabel('Tina\'s Score: Light Green. Molly\'s Score: Dark Green')
t = plt.title('Comparison of Molly and Tina\'s Score')
plt.ylim([-1,len(x1)+0.1])
plt.xlim([-max(x2)-10, max(x1)+10])
plt.grid()

plt.show()

png

MatPlotLib 中的条形图

%matplotlib inline
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# 创建数据帧
raw_data = {'first_name': ['Jason', 'Molly', 'Tina', 'Jake', 'Amy'],
        'pre_score': [4, 24, 31, 2, 3],
        'mid_score': [25, 94, 57, 62, 70],
        'post_score': [5, 43, 23, 23, 51]}
df = pd.DataFrame(raw_data, columns = ['first_name', 'pre_score', 'mid_score', 'post_score'])
df
first_name pre_score mid_score post_score
0 Jason 4 25 5
1 Molly 24 94 43
2 Tina 31 57 23
3 Jake 2 62 23
4 Amy 3 70 51 
# 为每个变量创建得分均值的列表
mean_values = [df['pre_score'].mean(), df['mid_score'].mean(), df['post_score'].mean()]

# 创建变动列表，设为得分上下 .25
variance = [df['pre_score'].mean() * 0.25, df['pre_score'].mean() * 0.25, df['pre_score'].mean() * 0.25]

# 设置条形标签
bar_labels = ['Pre Score', 'Mid Score', 'Post Score']

# 创建条形的 x 位置
x_pos = list(range(len(bar_labels)))

# 在 x 位置上创建条形图
plt.bar(x_pos,
        # 使用 mean_values 中的数据
        mean_values, 
        # y-error 直线设置为变动
        yerr=variance, 
        # 中心对齐
        align='center',
        # 颜色
        color='#FFC222',
        # 透明度为 0.5
        alpha=0.5)

# 添加网格
plt.grid()

# 设置 y 轴高度
max_y = max(zip(mean_values, variance)) # returns a tuple, here: (3, 5)
plt.ylim([0, (max_y[0] + max_y[1]) * 1.1])

# 设置轴标签和标题
plt.ylabel('Score')
plt.xticks(x_pos, bar_labels)
plt.title('Mean Scores For Each Test')

plt.show()

png

Seaborn 中的调色板

import pandas as pd
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

# 创建数据帧
data = {'date': ['2014-05-01 18:47:05.069722', '2014-05-01 18:47:05.119994', '2014-05-02 18:47:05.178768', '2014-05-02 18:47:05.230071', '2014-05-02 18:47:05.230071', '2014-05-02 18:47:05.280592', '2014-05-03 18:47:05.332662', '2014-05-03 18:47:05.385109', '2014-05-04 18:47:05.436523', '2014-05-04 18:47:05.486877'], 
        'deaths_regiment_1': [34, 43, 14, 15, 15, 14, 31, 25, 62, 41],
        'deaths_regiment_2': [52, 66, 78, 15, 15, 5, 25, 25, 86, 1],
        'deaths_regiment_3': [13, 73, 82, 58, 52, 87, 26, 5, 56, 75],
        'deaths_regiment_4': [44, 75, 26, 15, 15, 14, 54, 25, 24, 72],
        'deaths_regiment_5': [25, 24, 25, 15, 57, 68, 21, 27, 62, 5],
        'deaths_regiment_6': [84, 84, 26, 15, 15, 14, 26, 25, 62, 24],
        'deaths_regiment_7': [46, 57, 26, 15, 15, 14, 26, 25, 62, 41]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns = ['date', 'battle_deaths', 'deaths_regiment_1', 'deaths_regiment_2',
                                   'deaths_regiment_3', 'deaths_regiment_4', 'deaths_regiment_5',
                                   'deaths_regiment_6', 'deaths_regiment_7'])
df = df.set_index(df.date)

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("deep", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("muted", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("bright", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("dark", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("colorblind", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("Paired", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("BuGn", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("GnBu", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("OrRd", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("PuBu", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("YlGn", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("YlGnBu", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("YlOrBr", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("YlOrRd", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("BrBG", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("PiYG", 10))

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sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("PRGn", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("PuOr", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("RdBu", 10))

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sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("RdGy", 10))

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sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("RdYlBu", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("RdYlGn", 10))

png

sns.palplot(sns.color_palette("Spectral", 10))

png

# 创建调色板并将其设为当前调色板
flatui = ["#9b59b6", "#3498db", "#95a5a6", "#e74c3c", "#34495e", "#2ecc71"]
sns.set_palette(flatui)
sns.palplot(sns.color_palette())

png

# 设置绘图颜色
sns.tsplot([df.deaths_regiment_1, df.deaths_regiment_2, df.deaths_regiment_3, df.deaths_regiment_4,
            df.deaths_regiment_5, df.deaths_regiment_6, df.deaths_regiment_7], color="#34495e")

# <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x116f5db70>

png

使用 Seaborn 和 pandas 创建时间序列绘图

import pandas as pd
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

data = {'date': ['2014-05-01 18:47:05.069722', '2014-05-01 18:47:05.119994', '2014-05-02 18:47:05.178768', '2014-05-02 18:47:05.230071', '2014-05-02 18:47:05.230071', '2014-05-02 18:47:05.280592', '2014-05-03 18:47:05.332662', '2014-05-03 18:47:05.385109', '2014-05-04 18:47:05.436523', '2014-05-04 18:47:05.486877'], 
        'deaths_regiment_1': [34, 43, 14, 15, 15, 14, 31, 25, 62, 41],
        'deaths_regiment_2': [52, 66, 78, 15, 15, 5, 25, 25, 86, 1],
        'deaths_regiment_3': [13, 73, 82, 58, 52, 87, 26, 5, 56, 75],
        'deaths_regiment_4': [44, 75, 26, 15, 15, 14, 54, 25, 24, 72],
        'deaths_regiment_5': [25, 24, 25, 15, 57, 68, 21, 27, 62, 5],
        'deaths_regiment_6': [84, 84, 26, 15, 15, 14, 26, 25, 62, 24],
        'deaths_regiment_7': [46, 57, 26, 15, 15, 14, 26, 25, 62, 41]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns = ['date', 'battle_deaths', 'deaths_regiment_1', 'deaths_regiment_2',
                                   'deaths_regiment_3', 'deaths_regiment_4', 'deaths_regiment_5',
                                   'deaths_regiment_6', 'deaths_regiment_7'])
df = df.set_index(df.date)

sns.tsplot([df.deaths_regiment_1, df.deaths_regiment_2, df.deaths_regiment_3, df.deaths_regiment_4,
            df.deaths_regiment_5, df.deaths_regiment_6, df.deaths_regiment_7], color="indianred")

# <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x1140be780>

png

# 带有置信区间直线，但是没有直线的时间序列绘图
sns.tsplot([df.deaths_regiment_1, df.deaths_regiment_2, df.deaths_regiment_3, df.deaths_regiment_4,
            df.deaths_regiment_5, df.deaths_regiment_6, df.deaths_regiment_7], err_style="ci_bars", interpolate=False)

# <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x116400668>

png

使用 Seaborn 创建散点图

import pandas as pd
%matplotlib inline
import random
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

# 创建空数据帧
df = pd.DataFrame()

# 添加列
df['x'] = random.sample(range(1, 1000), 5)
df['y'] = random.sample(range(1, 1000), 5)
df['z'] = [1,0,0,1,0]
df['k'] = ['male','male','male','female','female']

# 查看前几行数据
df.head()
x y z k
0 466 948 1 male
1 832 481 0 male
2 978 465 0 male
3 510 206 1 female
4 848 357 0 female 
# 设置散点图样式
sns.set_context("notebook", font_scale=1.1)
sns.set_style("ticks")

# 创建数据帧的散点图
sns.lmplot('x', # 横轴
           'y', # 纵轴
           data=df, # 数据源
           fit_reg=False, # 不要拟合回归直线
           hue="z", # 设置颜色
           scatter_kws={"marker": "D", # 设置标记样式
                        "s": 100}) # 设置标记大小

# 设置标题
plt.title('Histogram of IQ')

# 设置横轴标签
plt.xlabel('Time')

# 设置纵轴标签
plt.ylabel('Deaths')

# <matplotlib.text.Text at 0x112b7bb70>

png

MatPlotLib 中的分组条形图

%matplotlib inline
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

raw_data = {'first_name': ['Jason', 'Molly', 'Tina', 'Jake', 'Amy'],
        'pre_score': [4, 24, 31, 2, 3],
        'mid_score': [25, 94, 57, 62, 70],
        'post_score': [5, 43, 23, 23, 51]}
df = pd.DataFrame(raw_data, columns = ['first_name', 'pre_score', 'mid_score', 'post_score'])
df
first_name pre_score mid_score post_score
0 Jason 4 25 5
1 Molly 24 94 43
2 Tina 31 57 23
3 Jake 2 62 23
4 Amy 3 70 51 
# 设置条形的位置和宽度
pos = list(range(len(df['pre_score']))) 
width = 0.25 

# 绘制条形
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10,5))

# 使用 pre_score 数据，
# 在位置 pos 上创建条形
plt.bar(pos, 
        # 使用数据 df['pre_score']
        df['pre_score'], 
        # 宽度
        width, 
        # 透明度为 0.5
        alpha=0.5, 
        # 颜色
        color='#EE3224', 
        # 标签是 first_name 的第一个值
        label=df['first_name'][0]) 

# 使用 mid_score 数据，
# 在位置 pos + 一定宽度上创建条形
plt.bar([p + width for p in pos], 
        # 使用数据 df['mid_score']
        df['mid_score'],
        # 宽度
        width, 
        # 透明度为 0.5
        alpha=0.5, 
        # 颜色
        color='#F78F1E', 
        # 标签是 first_name 的第二个值
        label=df['first_name'][1]) 

# 使用 post_score 数据，
# 在位置 pos + 一定宽度上创建条形
plt.bar([p + width*2 for p in pos], 
        # 使用数据 df['post_score']
        df['post_score'], 
        # 宽度
        width, 
        # 透明度为 0.5
        alpha=0.5, 
        # 颜色
        color='#FFC222', 
        # 标签是 first_name 的第三个值
        label=df['first_name'][2]) 

# 设置纵轴标签
ax.set_ylabel('Score')

# 设置标题
ax.set_title('Test Subject Scores')

# 设置 x 刻度的位置
ax.set_xticks([p + 1.5 * width for p in pos])

# 设置 x 刻度的标签
ax.set_xticklabels(df['first_name'])

# 设置横轴和纵轴的区域
plt.xlim(min(pos)-width, max(pos)+width*4)
plt.ylim([0, max(df['pre_score'] + df['mid_score'] + df['post_score'])] )

# 添加图例并展示绘图
plt.legend(['Pre Score', 'Mid Score', 'Post Score'], loc='upper left')
plt.grid()
plt.show()

png

MatPlotLib 中的直方图

%matplotlib inline
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import math

# 设置 ipython 的最大行数
pd.set_option('display.max_row', 1000)

# 将 ipython 的最大列宽设为 50
pd.set_option('display.max_columns', 50)

df = pd.read_csv('https://www.dropbox.com/s/52cb7kcflr8qm2u/5kings_battles_v1.csv?dl=1')
df.head()
name year battle_number attacker_king defender_king attacker_1 attacker_2 attacker_3 attacker_4 defender_1 defender_2 defender_3 defender_4 attacker_outcome battle_type major_death major_capture attacker_size defender_size attacker_commander defender_commander summer location region note
0 Battle of the Golden Tooth 298 1 Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon Robb Stark Lannister NaN NaN NaN Tully NaN NaN NaN win pitched battle 1 0 15000 4000 Jaime Lannister Clement Piper, Vance 1 Golden Tooth The Westerlands NaN
1 Battle at the Mummer's Ford 298 2 Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon Robb Stark Lannister NaN NaN NaN Baratheon NaN NaN NaN win ambush 1 0 NaN 120 Gregor Clegane Beric Dondarrion 1 Mummer's Ford The Riverlands NaN
2 Battle of Riverrun 298 3 Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon Robb Stark Lannister NaN NaN NaN Tully NaN NaN NaN win pitched battle 0 1 15000 10000 Jaime Lannister, Andros Brax Edmure Tully, Tytos Blackwood 1 Riverrun The Riverlands NaN
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
3 Battle of the Green Fork 298 4 Robb Stark Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon Stark NaN NaN NaN Lannister NaN NaN NaN loss pitched battle 1 1 18000 20000 Roose Bolton, Wylis Manderly, Medger Cerwyn, H... Tywin Lannister, Gregor Clegane, Kevan Lannist... 1 Green Fork The Riverlands NaN
4 Battle of the Whispering Wood 298 5 Robb Stark Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon Stark Tully NaN NaN Lannister NaN NaN NaN win ambush 1 1 1875 6000 Robb Stark, Brynden Tully Jaime Lannister 1 Whispering Wood The Riverlands NaN 
# 制作攻击方和防守方大小的两个变量
# 但是当有超过 10000 个攻击方时将其排除在外
data1 = df['attacker_size'][df['attacker_size'] < 90000]
data2 = df['defender_size'][df['attacker_size'] < 90000]

# 创建 2000 个桶
bins = np.arange(data1.min(), data2.max(), 2000) # 固定桶的大小

# 绘制攻击方大小的直方图
plt.hist(data1, 
         bins=bins, 
         alpha=0.5, 
         color='#EDD834',
         label='Attacker')

# 绘制防守方大小的直方图
plt.hist(data2, 
         bins=bins, 
         alpha=0.5, 
         color='#887E43',
         label='Defender')

# 设置图形的 x 和 y 边界
plt.ylim([0, 10])

# 设置标题和标签
plt.title('Histogram of Attacker and Defender Size')
plt.xlabel('Number of troops')
plt.ylabel('Number of battles')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')

plt.show()

png

# 制作攻击方和防守方大小的两个变量
# 但是当有超过 10000 个攻击方时将其排除在外
data1 = df['attacker_size'][df['attacker_size'] < 90000]
data2 = df['defender_size'][df['attacker_size'] < 90000]

# 创建 10 个桶，最小值为 
# data1 和 data2 的最小值
bins = np.linspace(min(data1 + data2), 
                   # 最大值为它们的最大值
                   max(data1 + data2),
                   # 并分为 10 个桶
                   10)

# 绘制攻击方大小的直方图
plt.hist(data1, 
         # 使用定义好的桶
         bins=bins, 
         # 透明度
         alpha=0.5, 
         # 颜色
         color='#EDD834',
         # 攻击方的标签
         label='Attacker')

# 绘制防守方大小的直方图
plt.hist(data2, 
         # 使用定义好的桶
         bins=bins, 
         # 透明度
         alpha=0.5, 
         # 颜色
         color='#887E43',
         # 防守方的标签
         label='Defender')

# 设置图形的 x 和 y 边界
plt.ylim([0, 10])

# 设置标题和标签
plt.title('Histogram of Attacker and Defender Size')
plt.xlabel('Number of troops')
plt.ylabel('Number of battles')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')

plt.show()

png

从 Pandas 数据帧生成 MatPlotLib 散点图

%matplotlib inline
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

raw_data = {'first_name': ['Jason', 'Molly', 'Tina', 'Jake', 'Amy'], 
        'last_name': ['Miller', 'Jacobson', 'Ali', 'Milner', 'Cooze'], 
        'female': [0, 1, 1, 0, 1],
        'age': [42, 52, 36, 24, 73], 
        'preTestScore': [4, 24, 31, 2, 3],
        'postTestScore': [25, 94, 57, 62, 70]}
df = pd.DataFrame(raw_data, columns = ['first_name', 'last_name', 'age', 'female', 'preTestScore', 'postTestScore'])
df
first_name last_name age female preTestScore postTestScore
0 Jason Miller 42 0 4 25
1 Molly Jacobson 52 1 24 94
2 Tina Ali 36 1 31 57
3 Jake Milner 24 0 2 62
4 Amy Cooze 73 1 3 70 
# preTestScore 和 postTestScore 的散点图
# 每个点的大小取决于年龄
plt.scatter(df.preTestScore, df.postTestScore
, s=df.age)

# <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x10ca42b00>

png

# preTestScore 和 postTestScore 的散点图
# 大小为 300，颜色取决于性别
plt.scatter(df.preTestScore, df.postTestScore, s=300, c=df.female)

# <matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x10cb90a90>

png

Matplotlib 的简单示例

# 让 Jupyter 加载 matplotlib 
# 并内联创建所有绘图（也就是在页面上）
%matplotlib inline

import matplotlib.pyplot as pyplot

pyplot.plot([1.6, 2.7])

# [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x10c4e7978>]

png

MatPlotLib 中的饼图

%matplotlib inline
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

raw_data = {'officer_name': ['Jason', 'Molly', 'Tina', 'Jake', 'Amy'],
        'jan_arrests': [4, 24, 31, 2, 3],
        'feb_arrests': [25, 94, 57, 62, 70],
        'march_arrests': [5, 43, 23, 23, 51]}
df = pd.DataFrame(raw_data, columns = ['officer_name', 'jan_arrests', 'feb_arrests', 'march_arrests'])
df
officer_name jan_arrests feb_arrests march_arrests
0 Jason 4 25 5
1 Molly 24 94 43
2 Tina 31 57 23
3 Jake 2 62 23
4 Amy 3 70 51 
# 创建一列，其中包含每个官员的总逮捕数
df['total_arrests'] = df['jan_arrests'] + df['feb_arrests'] + df['march_arrests']
df
officer_name jan_arrests feb_arrests march_arrests total_arrests
0 Jason 4 25 5 34
1 Molly 24 94 43 161
2 Tina 31 57 23 111
3 Jake 2 62 23 87
4 Amy 3 70 51 124 
# （从 iWantHue）创建一列颜色
colors = ["#E13F29", "#D69A80", "#D63B59", "#AE5552", "#CB5C3B", "#EB8076", "#96624E"]

# 创建饼图
plt.pie(
    # 使用数据 total_arrests
    df['total_arrests'],
    # 标签为官员名称
    labels=df['officer_name'],
    # 没有阴影
    shadow=False,
    # 颜色
    colors=colors,
    # 将一块扇形移出去
    explode=(0, 0, 0, 0, 0.15),
    # 起始角度为 90 度
    startangle=90,
    # 将百分比列为分数
    autopct='%1.1f%%',
    )

# 使饼状图为正圆
plt.axis('equal')

# 查看绘图
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

png

MatPlotLib 中的散点图

%matplotlib inline
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# 展示 ipython 的最大行数
pd.set_option('display.max_row', 1000)

# 将 ipython 的最大列宽设为 50
pd.set_option('display.max_columns', 50)

df = pd.read_csv('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/chrisalbon/war_of_the_five_kings_dataset/master/5kings_battles_v1.csv')
df.head()
name year battle_number attacker_king defender_king attacker_1 attacker_2 attacker_3 attacker_4 defender_1 defender_2 defender_3 defender_4 attacker_outcome battle_type major_death major_capture attacker_size defender_size attacker_commander defender_commander summer location region note
0 Battle of the Golden Tooth 298 1 Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon Robb Stark Lannister NaN NaN NaN Tully NaN NaN NaN win pitched battle 1.0 0.0 15000.0 4000.0 Jaime Lannister Clement Piper, Vance 1.0 Golden Tooth The Westerlands NaN
1 Battle at the Mummer's Ford 298 2 Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon Robb Stark Lannister NaN NaN NaN Baratheon NaN NaN NaN win ambush 1.0 0.0 NaN 120.0 Gregor Clegane Beric Dondarrion 1.0 Mummer's Ford The Riverlands NaN
2 Battle of Riverrun 298 3 Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon Robb Stark Lannister NaN NaN NaN Tully NaN NaN NaN win pitched battle 0.0 1.0 15000.0 10000.0 Jaime Lannister, Andros Brax Edmure Tully, Tytos Blackwood 1.0 Riverrun The Riverlands NaN
3 Battle of the Green Fork 298 4 Robb Stark Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon Stark NaN NaN NaN Lannister NaN NaN NaN loss pitched battle 1.0 1.0 18000.0 20000.0 Roose Bolton, Wylis Manderly, Medger Cerwyn, H... Tywin Lannister, Gregor Clegane, Kevan Lannist... 1.0 Green Fork The Riverlands NaN
4 Battle of the Whispering Wood 298 5 Robb Stark Joffrey/Tommen Baratheon Stark Tully NaN NaN Lannister NaN NaN NaN win ambush 1.0 1.0 1875.0 6000.0 Robb Stark, Brynden Tully Jaime Lannister 1.0 Whispering Wood The Riverlands NaN 
# 创建图形
plt.figure(figsize=(10,8))

# 创建散点图
            # 298 年的攻击方大小为 x 轴
plt.scatter(df['attacker_size'][df['year'] == 298], 
            # 298 年的防守方大小为 y 轴
            df['defender_size'][df['year'] == 298], 
            # 标记
            marker='x', 
            # 颜色
            color='b',
            # 透明度
            alpha=0.7,
            # 大小
            s = 124,
            # 标签
            label='Year 298')

            # 299 年的攻击方大小为 x 轴
plt.scatter(df['attacker_size'][df['year'] == 299], 
            # 299 年的防守方大小为 y 轴
            df['defender_size'][df['year'] == 299], 
            # 标记
            marker='o', 
            # 颜色
            color='r', 
            # 透明度
            alpha=0.7,
            # 大小
            s = 124,
            # 标签
            label='Year 299')

            # 300 年的攻击方大小为 x 轴
plt.scatter(df['attacker_size'][df['year'] == 300], 
            # 300 年的防守方大小为 x 轴
            df['defender_size'][df['year'] == 300], 
            # 标记
            marker='^', 
            # 颜色
            color='g', 
            # 透明度
            alpha=0.7, 
            # 大小
            s = 124,
            # 标签
            label='Year 300')

# 标题
plt.title('Battles Of The War Of The Five Kings')

# y 标签
plt.ylabel('Defender Size')

# x 标签
plt.xlabel('Attacker Size')

# 图例
plt.legend(loc='upper right')

# 设置图形边界
plt.xlim([min(df['attacker_size'])-1000, max(df['attacker_size'])+1000])
plt.ylim([min(df['defender_size'])-1000, max(df['defender_size'])+1000])

plt.show()

png

MatPlotLib 中的栈式百分比条形图

%matplotlib inline
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

raw_data = {'first_name': ['Jason', 'Molly', 'Tina', 'Jake', 'Amy'],
        'pre_score': [4, 24, 31, 2, 3],
        'mid_score': [25, 94, 57, 62, 70],
        'post_score': [5, 43, 23, 23, 51]}
df = pd.DataFrame(raw_data, columns = ['first_name', 'pre_score', 'mid_score', 'post_score'])
df
first_name pre_score mid_score post_score
0 Jason 4 25 5
1 Molly 24 94 43
2 Tina 31 57 23
3 Jake 2 62 23
4 Amy 3 70 51 
# 创建带有一个子图的图形
f, ax = plt.subplots(1, figsize=(10,5))

# 将条宽设为 1
bar_width = 1

# 条形左边界的位置
bar_l = [i for i in range(len(df['pre_score']))] 

# x 轴刻度的位置（条形的中心是条形标签）
tick_pos = [i+(bar_width/2) for i in bar_l] 

# 创建每个参与者的总得分
totals = [i+j+k for i,j,k in zip(df['pre_score'], df['mid_score'], df['post_score'])]

# 创建每个参与者的 pre_score 和总得分的百分比
pre_rel = [i / j * 100 for  i,j in zip(df['pre_score'], totals)]

# 创建每个参与者的 mid_score 和总得分的百分比
mid_rel = [i / j * 100 for  i,j in zip(df['mid_score'], totals)]

# 创建每个参与者的 post_score 和总得分的百分比
post_rel = [i / j * 100 for  i,j in zip(df['post_score'], totals)]

# 在位置 bar_1 创建条形图
ax.bar(bar_l, 
       # 使用数据 pre_rel
       pre_rel, 
       # 标签 
       label='Pre Score', 
       # 透明度
       alpha=0.9, 
       # 颜色
       color='#019600',
       # 条形宽度
       width=bar_width,
       # 边框颜色
       edgecolor='white'
       )

# 在位置 bar_1 创建条形图
ax.bar(bar_l, 
       # 使用数据 mid_rel
       mid_rel, 
       # 底部为 pre_rel
       bottom=pre_rel, 
       # 标签
       label='Mid Score', 
       # 透明度
       alpha=0.9, 
       # 颜色
       color='#3C5F5A', 
       # 条形宽度
       width=bar_width,
       # 边框颜色
       edgecolor='white'
       )

# Create a bar chart in position bar_1
ax.bar(bar_l, 
       # 使用数据 post_rel
       post_rel, 
       # 底部为 pre_rel 和 mid_rel
       bottom=[i+j for i,j in zip(pre_rel, mid_rel)], 
       # 标签
       label='Post Score',
       # 透明度
       alpha=0.9, 
       # 颜色
       color='#219AD8', 
       # 条形宽度
       width=bar_width,
       # 边框颜色
       edgecolor='white'
       )

# 将刻度设为 first_name
plt.xticks(tick_pos, df['first_name'])
ax.set_ylabel("Percentage")
ax.set_xlabel("")

# 设置图形边界
plt.xlim([min(tick_pos)-bar_width, max(tick_pos)+bar_width])
plt.ylim(-10, 110)

# 旋转轴标签
plt.setp(plt.gca().get_xticklabels(), rotation=45, horizontalalignment='right')

# 展示绘图
plt.show()

png

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